Indias Emergency Experience；" Population and Development Revie 5 （1）： 29-59 （1979）， which is the source of this account of the forced sterilization cpisode during the Emergency. 245
貧窮的本質 POOR ECONOMICS 2. John Bongaarts， "Population Policy Options in the Developing World" Science 263 （5148） （1994）：771-776. 3. Jeffrey Sachs, Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet （New York: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2008）. 4. World Health Organization, Water Scarcity Fact File, 2009, available at http:// www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/. 5. Thomas Malthus, Population: The First Essay （Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press， 1978） 6.Alywn Young， "The Gift of the Dying: The Tragedy of AIDS and the Welfare of Future African Generations，” Quarterly Journal of Ecomomics 120 （2） （2005）：243-266. 7.Jane Forston， "HIV/AIDS and Fertility：" American Economic Joural: Applied Economics 1 （3） Ouly 2009）： 170-194; and Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan， "AIDS, Reversal' of the Demographic Transition and Economic Development: Evidence from Afica" NBER Working Paper W12181 （2006）. 8. Michael Kremer， "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990，" Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 （3）（1993）：681-716. 9. Gary Becker， "An Economic Analysis of Fertility" Deographic and Economic Change in Deveoped Countries （Princeton: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1960）. 10. Sachs, Common Wealth. 11.Vida Maralani， "Family Size and Educational Attainment in Indonesia: A Cohort Perspective，' California Center for Population Research Working Paper CCPR-17-04 （2004）. 12. Mark Montgomery, Aka Kouamle, and Raylynn Oliver, The Tradeoff Between Number df Children and Child Schooling: Evidence from Core d'Ivoire and Ghana （Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995）. 13.Joshua Angrist and William Evans， "Children and Their Parents' Labor Supply: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size” American Economic Review 88 （3） （1998）： 450-477. 14. Joshua Angrist, Victor Lavy, and Analia Schlosser， "New Evidence on the Causal Link Between the Quantity and Quality of Children” NBER Working Paper W11835 （2005）. 15. Nancy Qian， "Quantity-Quality and the One Child Policy: The Positive Effect of Family Size on School Enrollment in China，' NBER Working Paper W14973 （2009）. 16.T. Paul Schultz and Shareen Joshi， "Family Planning as an Investment in Female Human Capital: Evaluating the Long Term Consequences in Matlab, Bangladesh" Yale Center for Economic Growth Working Paper No. 951 （2007）. 17.Grant Miller， "Contraception as Development? New Evidence from Family Planning in Colombia"' Economic Journal 120 （545） （2010）：709-736. 18. Kristof and WuDunn, Half the Sky. 246
祥 19. See, tor example, Attila Ambrus and Erica Field， "Early Marrage, Age ot Menarche， and Female Schooling Attainment in Bangladesh，" Jourmal of Political Economy 116 （5） （2008）： 881-930; and Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Michael Kremer, and Samuel Sinei， "Education and HIV/AIDS Prevention: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Western Kenya"” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4024 （2006）. 20. The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2010, United Nations. 21. Mark Pitt, Mark Rosenzweig, and Donna Gibbons， "The Determinants and Consequences of the Placement of Government Programs in Indonesia，”' World Bank Economic Review 7 （3） （1993）：319-348. 22. Lant H. Pritchett，"Desired Fertility and the Impact of Population Policies” Population and Development Review 20 （1） （1994）：1-55. 23. Mizanur Rahman, Julie DaVanzo, and Abdur Razzague， "When Will Bangladesh Reach Replacement-Level Fertility: The Role of Education and Family Planning Services，” working paper, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, available at http://www.un.org/esa/population/. 24. Available at http://apps.who.int/ghodata/ under the heading MDG 5, adolescent fertility. 25. Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Michael Kremer, and Samuel Sinei， "Education and HIV/AIDS Prevention: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Western Kenya."' World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4024 （2006）. 26. See the description in Kristof and WuDunn, Half the Sky, P. 137. 27. Pascaline Dupas，"Do Teenagers Respond to HIV Risk Information? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3 （1） （anuary 2011）：1-36. 28. Erica Field， "Fertility Responses to Urban Land Tidling Programs:The Roles of Ownership Security and the Distribution of Household Assets.” Harvard University （2004）， mimeo. 29.Nava Ashraf, Erica Field, and Jean Lee， "Houschold Bargaining and Excess Fertility:An Experimental Study in Zambia." Harvard University （2009）， mimeo. 30. Kaivan Munshi and Jacques Myaux， "Social Norms and the Fertility Transition；" Journal of Development Economics 80 （1） （2005）：1-38. 31. Eliana La Ferrara, Alberto Chong, and Suzanne Duryea， "Soap Operas and Fertility： Evidence from Brazil，” BREAD Working Paper 172 （2008）. 32.Abhijit Banerjee, Xin Meng, and Nancy Qian，"Fertility and Savings: Micro-Evidence for the Life-Cycle Hypothesis from Family Planning in China" working paper （2010）. 33.Ibid. 34.Ummul Ruthbah， "Are Children Substitutes for Assets: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh，” MIT Ph.D. dissertation （2007）. 247
PIWR FCONOMICS 貧究的本質 35. Seema Jayachandran and llyana Kuziemko， "Why Do Mothers Breastfeed Girls Less Than Boys? Evidence and Implications for Child Health in India" NBER Working Paper W15041 （2009）. 36.Amartya Sen， "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing." New York Review of Books 37 （20） （1990）. 37.Fred Arnold, Sunita Kishor, and T. K. Roy，"Sex-Selective Abortions in India.” Population and Development Reriew 28 （4） （December 2002）：759-784. 38. Andrew Foster and Mark Rosenzweig， "Missing Women, the Marriage Market and Economic Growth” working paper （1999）. 39. Nancy Qian， "Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: The Effect of Sex-Specific Income on Sex Imbalance，” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 （3） （2008）： 1251-1285. 40.Some of the key research in this area was conducted by Frangois Bourguignon, PierreAndre Chiapori, Marjorie McElroy, and Duncan Thomas. 41. Christopher Udry， "Gender, Agricultural Production and the Theory of the Household，" Journal of Political Economy 104 （5） （1996）： 1010-1046. 42. Esther Duflo and Christopher Udry， "Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Cote d'Ivoire: Social Norms, Separate Accounts and Consumption Choices，” NBER Working Paper W10489 （2004）. 43. Franque Grimard， “Household Consumption Smoothing Through Ethnicities: Evidence from Cate d'Ivoire." Journal of Development Economiss 53 （1997）：391-422. 44. Claude Meillassoux, Anthropologie economique des Gouros de Cate d'lvoire （Paris： F. Maspero, 1965）. 45. Esther Duflo， "Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old Age Pension and IntraHousehold Allocation in South Africa，"' World Bank Ecomomic Review 17 （1） （2003）：1-25.