AI 新聞與投資
貧窮的本質:我們為什麼擺脫不了貧窮

第六章 1.Jeemol Unni and Uma Rani, "Social Protection for Informal Workers in India: Insecurities, Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms,” Development and Change 34 (1) (2003):

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127-161. 2. Mohiuddin Alamgir, Famine in South Asia: Political Ecomomy of Mass Starvation (Cambridge, MA: Oclgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1980). 3. Martin Ravallion, Markets and Famines (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987). 4. Seema Jayachandran, "Selling Labor Low: Wage Responses to Productivity Shocks in Developing Countries,” Journal of Political Economy 114 (3) (2006): 538-575. 5.“Crisis Hitting Poor Hard in Developing World, World Bank Says.” World Bank Press Release, 2009/220/EXC, February 12,2009. 6. Daniel Chen, "Club Goods and Group Identity: Evidence from Islamic Resurgence 248

注 During the Indonesian Financial Crisis," Journal of Political Economy 118 (2) (2010):300-354. 7. Mauro Alem and Robert Townsend, “An Evaluation of Financial Institutions: Impact on Consumption and Investment Using Panel Data and the Theory of Risk-Bearing.:” working paper (2010). 8.B. P. Ramos and A. F. T. Arnsten, "Adrenergic Pharmacology and Cognition: Focus on the Prefrontal Cortex."" Pharmacology and Therapeutics 113 (2007): 523-536; D. Knoch, A. Pascual-Leone, K. Meyer, V.Treyer, and E. Fehr, "Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex.” Science 314 (2006): 829-832; T. A. Hare, C. F. Camerer, and A. Rangel, "Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System.” Science 324 (2009): 646-648;A.J. Porcelli and M. R. Delgado, "Acute Stress Modulates Risk Taking in Financial Decision Making" Psychological Science: A Journal of the Americam Psychological Society/APS 20 (2009): 278-283; and R. van den Bos, M. Harteveld, and H. Stoop, "Stress and Decision-Making in Humans: Performance Is Related to Cortisol Reactivity, Albeit Differently in Men and Women.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (2009): 1449-1458. 9. Seema Jayachandran, "Selling Labor Low: Wage Responses to Productivity Shocks in Developing Countries," Journal of Political Economy 114 (3) (2006): 538-575. 10. Nirmala Banerjee, "A Survey of Occupations and Livelihoods of Households in West Bengal."' Sachetana, Kolkata (2006), mimeo. 11. Mark Rosenzweig and Oded Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration, and Marriage: Evidence from Rural India." Journal of Political Economy 97 (4) (1989): 905-926. 12. Hans Binswanger and Mark Rosenzweig, "Wealth, Weather Risk and the Composition and Profitability of Agricultural Investments,” Economic Journal 103 (416) (1993): 56-78. 13. Radwan Shaban, "Testing Between Competing Models of Sharecropping;" Journal gf Political Economy 95 (5) (1987):893-920. 14. Christopher Udry,"Risk and Insurance in a Rural Credit Market: An Empirical Investigation in Northern Nigeria" Review of Economic Studies 61 (3) (1994): 495-526. 15. Paul Gertler and Jonathan Gruber, "Insuring Consumption Against Illness,"" American Economic Review 92 (1) (March 2002):51-70. 16. Marcel Fafchamps and Susan Lund: "Risk-Sharing Networks in Rural Philippines,” Journal of Development Ecomomics 71 (2) (2003):261-287. 17. Betsy Hartman and James Boyce, Quiet Violence: View from a Bangladesh Village (San Francisco: Food First Books, 1985). 18. Andrew Kuper, "From Microfinance into Microinsurance,” Forbes, November 26, 2008. 19. Shawn Cole, Xavier Gine, Jeremy Tobacman, Petia Topalova, Robert Townsend, and James Vickery, "Barriers to Household Risk Management: Evidence from India"" Harvard Business School Working Paper 09-116 (2009). 249

20.Ibid. 21.Alix Zwane, Jonathan Zinman, Eric Van Dusen, William Pariente, Clair Nul, Edward Miguel, Michael Kremer, Dean S. Karlan, Richard Hornbeck, Xavier Gine, Esther Duflo, Florencia Devoto, Bruno Crepon, and Abhijit Banerjee, "The Risk of Asking: Being Surveyed Can Affect Later Behavior;” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, forthcoming (2010). 22. Dean Karlan, Isaac Osei-Akoto, Robert Osei, and Christopher Udry, "Examining Underinvestment in Agriculture: Measuring Returns to Capital and Insurance” Yale University (2010), mimeo.