2. Stuart Rutherford, The Poor and Their Money: Micnofinance from a Twventy-First-Century Consumer's Perspective （New York: Oxford University Press, 2001）； and Daryl Collins， Jonathan Morduch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven, Poryfolios of the Poor: How the Wtnldt Foor Live on $2 a Day （Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009）. 3. Pascaline Dupas and Jonathan Robinson， "Saving Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya.” NBER Working Paper 14693, re. vised November 2010. 4. Simone Schaner， "Cost and Convenience: The Impact of ATM Card Provision on Formal Savings Account Use in Kenya，" working paper （2010）. S. Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer, and Jonathan Robinson， "Why Don't Farmers Use Fer iizer? Experimental Evidence from Kenva" unpublished （2007）： and Esther Dufo. Michae 251
貧窮的本質 POOR ECONOMKS Kremer, and Jonathan Robinson， "How High Are Rates of Return to Fertilizer? Evidence from Field Experiments in Kenya" American Economic Review 98 （2） （2008）： 482-488. 6. Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer, and Jonathan Robinson， "Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence" forthcoming in American Economic Review， NBER Working Paper W15131 （2009）. 7. Samuel M. McClure, David I. Laibson, George Loewenstein, and Jonathan D. Cohen， “'Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards” Science 306 （5695） （2004）：421-423. 8. Nava Ashraf, Dean Karlan, and Wesley Yin， "Tying Odysseus to the Mast: Evidence from a Commitmnent Savings Product in the Philippines，” Quarterly Joumal of Economics. 121 （2） （2006）：635-672. 9. Pascaline Dupas and Jonathan Robinson， "Savings Constraints and Preventive Health Investments in Kenya，”UCLA （2010）， mimeo. 10. Abhijit Banerjee and Sendhil Mullainathan， "The Shape of Temptation: Implications for the Economic Lives of the Poor！” MIT （April 2010）， mimeo. 11. See, for example, Kathleen D. Vohs and Ronald J. Faber， "Spent Resources: SelfRegulatory Resource Availability Affects Impulse Buying：" Joumnal of Consumer Researh 33 （March 2007）： 537-548. In one experiment reported in this paper, college students were instructed to spend a few minutes writing down their thoughts, without thinking of a white bear. Given $10 afterward to save or spend on a small assortment of products, they spent much more money than students who had free-associated without having to avoid thoughts of bears. 12. For a description of the Townsend Thai data and detailed accounting conventions used there, see Krislert Samphantharak and Robert Townsend, Households as Corponte Firmns: Constructing Financial Statements from Integrated Household Surveys, Cambridge University Press Econometric Society Monograph No. 46 （2010）. We define household resources as average net assets from the household balance sheet. Net assets include all savings, capital, and household assets net of borrowing. 13.Dean Karlan and Sendhil Mullainathan，"Debt Cycles，"' work in progress （2011）. 14.Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, and Cynthia Kinnan， "The Miracle of Microfinance，" MIT, manuscript （2010）. Bruno Crepon, Florencia Devoto, Esther Duflo, and William Pariente，"Evaluation d'impact du microcredit en zone rural: Enseignement d'une experimentation randomisfe au Maroc” MIT, mimeo.