圖10-2 應該介紹關鍵句論點圖10-3 節與節之間應該透過詞句相聯絡表10-1 讓觀點躍人眼簾表10-2 系統安排關鍵句觀點表10-3 標題應配合思想觀點的層次表10-4 行首縮排和下劃線也可以表現層次表10-5 編號應符合思想的層次 165 166 167 168 170 171 173 175 176 181 183 184 190 201 203 191 191 192 195 197
用幻燈片強調金字塔中的主要論點圖11-2 製作有趣的文字幻燈片圖11-3 有哪些組成部分？ 圖11-4 數量之間如何比較？ 圖11-5 有何變化/如何變化？ 圖11-6 各項如何分佈？ 圖11-7 各項之間的相關性？ 圖11-8 從金字塔人手圖11-9 用故事梗概的形式寫序言、關鍵句和下一層次論點附錄一 212 214 216 216 216 217 217 219 220 圖附錄1-1 推理過程的起點決定使用的思維形式 231 LIST OF EXHIBTTS 圖表一覽表 265
表附錄1-1 分析性和科學性解決問題方法採用相同的模式 234 附錄二圖附錄2-1 圍繞“步驟”構思諮詢建議書圖附錄2-2 圍統“理由”構思諮詢建議書圖附錄2-3 美國電話公司的問題界定圖附錄2-4 美國電話公司的金字塔結構圖附錄2-5 DDT 問題的結構圖附錄2-6 期間圖表賬圖附錄2-7 新舊系統示意圖表附錄2-1 大多數序言回答下面四個問題中的一個表附錄2-2 未對流程進行描述表附錄2-3 期間圖表賬備忘錄 243 244 245 246 251 252 254 237 8X0 266 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理參考書目 1. Adler, Mortimer J. & Van Doren, Charles. How to Read A Book. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. 2. Alexander, Christopher. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. London : Oxford University Press,1964. 3.Allport,Floyd H. Theories of Perception and the Concept of Structure. New York: John Wiley, 1955. 4. Aristotle, Logic（Organon），In Great Books of the Wester Word. Chicago： Encyclopaedia Britannica,1952. 5. Aristotle,Rhetoric （Rhetorica）.In Great Books of the Western Word， Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952. 6.Amheim,Rudolf. Visual Thinking. Berkeley and los Angeles: Univ.of Califoria Press, 1969. 7.Boole,George. An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability. New York : Dover， 1958. 8. Bronowski,Jacob. A Sense of the Future. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977. 9.Bronowski, Jacob. The Common Sense of Science. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1978. 10.Brooks, Cleanth and Waren,Robert Penn. Fundamentals of Cood Writing. New York :Harcourt Brace, 1950. 11.Brown,G. Spencer,Laws of Form. New York : Julian Press, 1972. 12. Bruner,Jerome S. and Goodnow,Jacqueline J. and Austin, George A. A Study of Thinking. New York : John Wiley,1956. 13.Briner,Jerome S. et al. Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York : John Wiley,1966. 14.Butterfield, H. The Origins of Modem science. New York : Free Press， 1965. 15. Cassirer,Ernst. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. REFERENCES 參考書日！ 267
16. Chomsky, Noam. Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. 17. Cohen, L. J. The Implications of Induction. london: Methuen, 1970. 18.Cooper, Leon N. Source and Limits of Human Intellect. In Daedalus， Spring,1980. 19.Copi, Irving M. Introduction to Logic. New York: MacMillan, 1969. 20. Dewey,J. Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York. H. Holt & Company,1936. 21.Ellis, Willis D. A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul,1969. 22. Emery, F. E.， ediror Systems Thinking. Harmondsworth,Middlesex： Penguin,1969. 23. Febvre, Lucien and Martin, Henri - Jean. The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing1450 - 1800.London: NLB,1976. 24. Fodor,J. A. The Language of Thought. New York : Crowell, 1966. 25.Ghiselin, Brewster, The Creative Process: A Symposium. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ.of California Press, 1952. 26.Gordon, William J. J. Synecties. New York: Harper & Row, 1961. 27. Guilford, J. P. The Nature of Human Intelligence. New York: McGraw - Hill,1967. 28.Hanson,N. R. Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958. 29. Hayakawa, S. l. Language in Thought and Action. New York: Harcourt Brace,1949. 30. Hazlitt,Henry. Thinking as a Science. Los Angeles: Nash Publishing， 1969 31.Holland, B. Robert. Sequential Analysis. MeKinsey & Company,Inc. London, 1972. 32.Holton, Gerald. Conveying Science by Visual Presentation. In Kepes， Gyorgy. Education of Vision,Volume 1,pp. 50-77. New York: George Braziller, 1965. 33. Hovland, Carl I.， et al. The Order of Presentation in Persuasion. New Haven,Yale University Press,1957. 268 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理
34.Johnson, Wendell. People in Quandaries. New York : Harper & Row， 1946. 35.Knight, Thomas S.， Charles Peirce. New York: Twayne Publishers， 1965. 36. Koestler, Arthur. The Act of Creation. London Pan Books, 1966. 37. Koestler, Arthur. The Sleepwalkers. Middlesex Penguin Books, 1964. 38. Korzybski, Alfred. Science and Sanity : An Introduction to Non - Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Clinton, Conn.： Colonial press, 1958. 39.Kuhn,Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press,1962. 40. Langer, Susanne K. Philosophy in a New Key. New York: Mentor Books,1942. 41. Lerner, Daniel, editor. Parts & Wholes: The Hayden Colloquium on Scientific Method and Concept. New York: Free Press of Glencoe,1963. 42. Martin,Harold C. The Logic &. Rhetoric of Exposition . New York: Rinehart,1959 43. Miller, Ceorge A. Language and Communication. New York: MeGraw - Hill,1963. 44. Miller, Ceorge A. The paychology of Communication: Seven Essays. New York: Basic Books,1967. 45. Miller,G. A.， and Johnson - Laird, P. N. Language and Perception. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. 46. Morris, Charles. Signs, Language and Behavior. New York : George Braziller, 1946. 47. Northrop,F. S. C. The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities. New York: World Publishing,1959. 48. Ogden, C. K. Bentham's Theory of Fictions. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932. 49.Ogden,C. K. and Richards, l. A. The Meaning of Meaning. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1923. 50.Ortony,Andrew,editor. Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1979. 51. Peirce, Charles S. Collected Papers. Cambridge: Belknap Press， 1978. -RRFERENCFS 參考書目！ 269
52.Percy, Walker. The Message in the Bottle, How Queer Man Is.How Queer Language Is, and What One Has to Do with the Other. New York: Farrar Straus,1975. 53.Piaget,Jean and Inhelder, Barbel. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Sinuctires， London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958. 54. Piaget, Jean. Iogic and Psychology. Manchester: University Press， 1953. 55.Piaget, Jean. The Mechanisms of Perception. New York : Basic Books， 1969. 56. Piaget, Jean. The Psychology of Intelligence. london: Routledge & Kcgan Paul,1967. 57. Piaget, Jean. Structuralism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. 58. Pirsig,Robert M. Zen and the.Art of Motoreycle Maintenance. London： Bodley Head,1974. 59.Platt,John R. The Step to Man. New York: John W ILEY &Sons， 1966. 60. Polya,G. How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Princeton: University Press 1945. 61.Popper,Karl R.The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson， 1972. 62. Popper, Karl R. Objective Knowledge : An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford, Clarendon Press,1972. 63. Pribran,Karl H. The role of Analogy in Transcending Limits in the Brain Sciences, in Daedalus, Spring 1980. 64.Quiller - Couch, Sir Arthur. On the Art of Writing. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press,1916. 65.Reilly,Francis E. Charles Peirce's Theory of Scientific Method. New York: Fordham University Press,1970. 66. Richards, I. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York : Oxford University Press,1956. 67.Russell, B. Logic and Knowledge. Edited by R.C.Marsh. London： 270 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理
Allen Unwin,1956. 68.Shannon,Claude F.，and Weaver, Waren. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: Univ. of lllinois Press,1949. 69.Simon,Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artifical . Cambridge: MIT Press， 1969. 70. Skinner, B. F. Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton - Century - Crofts,1957. 71. Stebbing,L. Susan. Thinking to Some Purpose. London: Whitefriars Press,1948. 72. Thomson, Robert. The Psychology of Thinking.Harmondsworth， dlesex: Penguin,1959. 73. Upton,Albert. Design for Thinking: A First Book in Semantics. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961. 74. Vygotsky,L. S. Thought and Language. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962. 75.Waddington, C.H. Tools for Thought. London: Jonathan Cape, 1977. 76. Wertheimer, Max.Productive Thinking. London: Tavistock, 1961. 77. Williams, B. O. B. Tack Analysis. McKinsey & Company,Inc.London, 1972. 78. Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigations. New York: Macmillan， 1953. REFERENCES 參考書目） 271
詞彙表 A Abduction Analytical Scientific Devising Experiments Generating hypotheses Process Abemathy,William J. Managing our way to Economic Decline Action ideas Categorizing,need to avoid In proposals Summarizing Alteratives,dealing with Ames, B. Charles Analytical frameworks: See Diagnostic frameworks Anecdotes Beards and Moustaches Fruit Galileo and the cannon ball Greek stars Tell me how to cut my costs Two Irishmen Approving expenditures, reasons for 外展推理分析式科學式設計實驗提出假設流程威廉••艾伯納西管理造成的經濟衰退行動性思想應避免分類建議方案概括替代方案 B•查爾斯•艾姆斯分析框架：參見“診斷框架” 軼事鬍鬚與鬍髭水果伽利略與炮彈希臘人與星辰告訴我如何降低成本兩個愛爾蘭人批准開支的原因 B Background sections,never include 背景部分 INDEX 詞彙表］ 273
Bales, Carter Before - after analysis Bottom - up approach to pyramid building C 卡特•貝爾斯前——後分析自下而上構建金字塔 Cause - and - effect relationships Avoiding mistakes in Determining Distinguishing causes from effect Shown in diagnostic frameworks Chester, G. K. On pigs as pets Choice diagrams Classifving Creating proper class groupings Examples of New York's decline Sales and inventory system reports Telecoms billing system Traditional financial focus Vendor Capture strategy Collectively exhaustive Common patterns of introduction Choosing among altematives Explaining "how to” Giving direction Seeking approval to spend money Communicatingthe pyramid On a screen On the page Communicating,what it means Complication How to determine What it does Consulting reports 因果關係避免錯誤決定區分原因和結果用診斷框架表示 G•K•切斯特關於豬是寵物的論證選項表分類建立適當的類別舉例： 紐約的衰退銷售及庫存系統報告電信記賬系統傳統財務重點銷售商“鎖定”策略完全窮盡序言的一般格式從多種選擇中選擇一種解釋方法式發號施令式尋求支援式表達金字塔結構在螢幕上在頁面上交流的含義衝突如何確定作用諮詢報告 274 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理
Difficulty of writing How to write Introduction,purpose of • Proposals Examples of 寫作問題如何寫作序言的目的建議書舉例 D Darwin,Charles Data - gathering effort Attempts to structure How to structure Problems with DDT problen Problem - definition framework Suggested introduction Text of document Decision trees Deduction and induction The difference When to use each Deduction masquerading as induction Deductive reasoning Basic form Chained arguments Deductive fallacies, so called Examples How it works Problem analysis Variations in form When to use Deductive summaries Defense, U.S. Department of Defining the problem Process for Degree order 查爾斯•達爾文收集資料努力構建如何構建問題 DDT問題問題界定框架推薦的序言文章的正文決策樹演繹與歸納區別使用時機類似歸納的演繹演繹推理基本形式連環推論演繹謬論舉例作用方式問題分析變化形式使用時機演繹概括美國國防部問題界定流程重要性順序 INDEX 一詞彙表 275
Diagnostic frameworks As a vehicle for communication Examples of Classifying possible causes Displaying dual choices Showing sequence of decisions Showing sequence Industry Physical Tracing cause and effect Matching tasks to financial elements Recording activities Showing causes of a problem Showing financial elements Showing order flow Value of Disturbing event Typesof Extemal Intemal Recently recognized Dividing Mutually exclusive/collectively exhaustive E End - product wording,action ideas Exhibit slides, for visual presentations Questions answered How are items distributed？ How do amounts compare？ Over time？ To each other？ To the whole？ How do items co- relate？ 276 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 字塔理診斷框架作為交流工具舉例： 將可能的原因分類列出雙重選擇列出決定過程列出結構行業有形追蹤原因和結果將任務與財務因素匹配記錄活動列出問題原因列出財務因素列出順序流價值困擾事件型別： 外部的內部的新確定的劃分相互獨立/完全窮盡行動性思想使用明確的措辭視覺演示用的幻燈片已回答問題如何配送物品？ 如何比較數字？ 按時間？ 互相之間比較？ 與總數比較？ 專案如何關聯？
What are the elements？ What has/how has it changed？ Extended problem descriptions How to handle F Findings - Conclusions - Recommendation Recommendations Decimal numbering Dot - dash outlines Headings Rules for Table of contents Indented display Setting out Key Line Points Underlining points Rules for Freed,Richard Writing winning Proposals Freed, Shervin Writing Winning Proposals G Gibbon,Edward Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Grouping Bottom up Reason for Grouping similar ideas Examples of Japanese businessmen 有關因素是什麼？ 發生了什麼改變/如何發生改變？ 延伸問題描述如何處理發現——結論——建議文章格式化小數編號法專案符號法標題規則目錄縮排顯示列出關鍵句要點強調要點規則理查德•弗裡德寫出優秀的方案沙爾文•弗裡德寫出優秀的方案愛德華•吉布羅馬帝國興衰史分組自下而上原因類似思想分組舉例日本商人 INDEX —諭匯表 277
H Hard- headed thinking Harvard Business Review Examples from Hayes,Robert H. Managing out way to Economic Decline Headings Faulty use of in proposals Purpose of Relationship to the pyramid Hertz David B. Risk Analysis in Capital Investment Herzberg,Frederick How do you Motivate Employees？ Historical chronology，where to put Holland,B.Robert Horizontal Relationships How Todocuments I Idea,definition of Images, aid to thinking Imposing patterns Greek stars Unit pairs Inductive gqroupings Analyzing Checking order Examples of Imposing logicalorder on Inductive inference Examples of 278 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理冷靜思維哈佛商業評論舉例羅伯特•H•海斯管理造成的經濟衰退標題方案中的錯誤用法日的與金字塔結構的關係大T•B• 赫茲資本投資中的風險分析弗雷德裡克•赫爾茨伯格如何激勵員工？ 歷史事件 B•羅件特•霍蘭德橫向聯絡關於使用技巧的文章思想的定義幫助思維的影象令人印象深刻的模式希臘星辰單位組合歸納分組分析檢查順序舉例確定邏輯順序歸納推理舉例
How it works Inductiveleap Inductive order, types of Degree Structural Time Inductive reasoning Checking order How it differs How it works News, avoid giving Prefer to deductive Intellectually blank assertions Examples of John Wain Two organization problems Reasons to avoid Introductions Background section, never include Common pattems of Choosing among alternatives Explaining "how to” Civing direction Seeking approval to spend mnoney Content of Fine points of Flow of Length of Need for Order of parts Placement on page Situation - Complication - Question Patter Theory behind When to use Introductions,consulting reports 作用方式歸納躍進歸納順序型別重要性順序結構順序時間順序歸納推理法檢查邏輯順序區別作用避擴音供“新聞” 傾向於演繹缺乏思想的何子舉例： 約翰•韋恩兩個組織問題避免寫出此類句子的理由序言背景共同模式從多種選擇中選擇一種解釋方法式發號施令式尋求支援式內容具體要點流程長度需要組成部分的順序頁面佈局情境——衝突——問題模式理論使用時機諮詢報告序言 INDEX —詞彙表，279
Progress reviews ProposaLs Introductions,difficult forms of Alternative solutions Consulting proposals Introductory question,reader's Introductory structures, examples of British Leyland Problem chains Introductory structures,examples of Anielski Airlines Big Chief Book Buy the warehouse City of San Sebastiano Colefax Supermarkets Diffraction Physics Diversification work Essay How do you Motivate Employees？ Intemal Memorandum Jackson Foods Letter Long- term publishing project Magazine article Managing our way to Economic Decline Market forecasting Marketing Myopia Newspaper editorial Project team approach Report Risk Analysis in Capital Investment Role of the Board Simmons & Smith Total Quality Management TIW Composing room costs 280 專案進度小結專案建議書難度較大的序言形式替代方案諮詢建議書序言問題序言結構示例英國萊蘭問題鏈序言結構全文阿尼爾斯基航空公司大客戶書購買倉庫塞巴斯蒂亞諾市科爾法克斯超級市場衍射物理公司多樣化工作文章如何激勵員工？ 內部備忘錄傑克遜食品公司信長期出版專案雜誌文章管理造成的經濟衰退市場預測市場短視報紙社論專案組方法報告資本投資中的風險分析董事會的作用西蒙斯和史密斯全面質量管理 TTW 排版成本
Issue analysis Faulty process for History of Misconceptions about New York City example Feasible alternatives diagram Policy area diagram Issues Definition of Proper use of Jackson Foods Pyramid Storyboard Jay,Antony Effective Presentation Key Line points Expressing as ideas Introducing Setting out Keynes,J.M. Essays in Persuasion Levels of abstraction Levitt, Theodore Marketing Myopia Lindsey,John Lists, avoid making Logic trees J K L 問題分析錯誤的過程歷史誤解紐約市舉例可行選項表政策區表問題界定正確使用傑克遜食品公司金字塔故事梗概安東尼•傑伊有效演示關鍵句要點表達思想介紹引出 J•M•凱恩斯說服力抽象程度西奧多•菜維特營銷短視約翰•林賽避免列表邏輯樹 INDEX 副匯表 281
Examples of Cigarette costs Cost of energy Texas inventory system Uses Cenerating possible solutions Showing Strategic Opportunities Showing ways to cut costs Logic,need to state Logical relationships Cause and effect Deductive Induclive M Magical number seven Mckinsey & Company MECE Memory, limits to Milestones in Management Examples from Miller, George A. The Psychology of Communication Mind,how it works Minto, William Mutually exclusive N New York,issue analysis Objectives and Scope, faulty heading Order 282 THF MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理舉例菸草成本能源成本德克薩斯庫存系統使用提出可能的方案表達戰略機會表達降低成本的方法邏輯邏輯關係因果關係演繹歸納神奇的數字7 麥肯錫公司相互獨立/完全窮盡記憶的限度管理里程碑舉例喬治•A•米勒交流心理學思維如何作用威廉•明託相互獨立紐約市問題分析目標與範圍，錯誤的標題邏輯順序
Theory behind Types of Degree Structural Time 理論型別重要性順序結構順序時閏順序 P Peirce, Charles Sanders 查爾斯•桑德斯•皮爾斯 Period graph books,example 期間圖表帳 PERT diagrams PRRT圖表 Plural nouns 名詞複數 Changes to a process 流程改變 Proofs 論據 Reasons 原因 In consulting proposals 在諮詢建議書中 Steps 步驟 In consulting proposals 在諮詢建議書中 Use in building a pyramid 用於構建金字塔 Problem ana.ysis 問題分析 Consulting 諮詢 Moder approach 現代方法 Old approach 舊方法 General process 一般流程 Problem descriptions， extended，how to 問題描述，擴充套件，如何處理 handle Problem solving Amalytical In structureless situations Scientific Problem,definition of Problem - definition frameworks Basic structure Converting to an introduction Elements of Disturbing event 解決問題分析式無結構情況科學式問題的界定問題-界定框架基本結構轉換為序言要素困擾事件 INDEX 詞彙表］ 283
Question generated R1 （Undesired result） R2（Desired result） Situation Solution Starting point/opening scene Examples of DDT problem Industrial real estate company ISD Marketing telecommunications Software Supermarket testing Warehouse capacity Layers of problem Use in problem solving Problem - oriented documents Problem - solving,process for Processes For analyzing grouped ideas For analyzing problems For applying the scientific method For building a pyramid For defining problems For reviewing problem documents For solving problems For storyboarding For summarizing action ideas For summarizing situation ideas For visualizing For writing consulting reports Processes,describing changes to Project Plans Pyramid Basic structure Need for 284 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原 ． 產生的問題 R1（非期望結果） R2（期望結果） 情境解決方案切入點/序幕舉例 DDT 問題房地產實業公司 ISD 電信營銷軟體超市試驗庫存容量問題的層次在解決問題中的作用以問題為導向的檔案解決問題過程流程分析分組思想分析問題應用科學方法構建金字塔結構界定問題評估問題檔案解決問題故事梗概概括行動性思想概括描述性思想想象撰寫諮詢報告描述流程變化專案計劃金字塔基本結構需要
Process for building Relationships Rules Substructures Pyramid structure,how to build Bottom - up approach Caveats for beginners Top - down approach to pyramid building Where to start Q Question，generated by the problem Types of Do we have a problem？ How should we do what we want to do？ Our solution hasn’ t worked，what should we do？ Should we do what we are thinking of doing？ What should our strategy be？ What should we do？ Which alternative should we choose？ Question,reader's How to determine In the introduction Question/answer dialogue Questions Answering before raised, avoid Standard Standard,consulting R R1（Undesired result） 構建過程關係規則子結構如何構建金字塔結構自下而上的方式初學者注意事項自上而下的方式切入點由問題產生的疑問型別是否有問題？• 如何做我們想做的？ 方案無效後應怎麼辦？ 是否應當做我們想做的？ 採取何種策略？ 應當做什麼？ 應選擇何種方案？ 讀者的疑問如何確定在序言中問題/回答式對話疑問避免在提問之前回答標準標準，諮詢 R1（非期望結果） INDEX 詞彙表 285
Examples of R2（Desired result） Need to be specific Reader’s Question Ability to take in information Mental energy Recommendation worksheet Reviewing problem documents DDT problem Period graph books Romano,Joseph Writing Winning Proposals Scientific Method Scripts,for Visual presentations Sequence, clearest for the reader Sequential Analysis Setting out points In the body In the introduction Simon, Herbert A. Sinai Desert Situation ideas Structural similarities,types of Summarizing Situation, in problem definition Situation,in the introduction How to determine Opening sentences Where to start Situation - Complication - Question Explanation of Solution, in problem definition Standard questions 286 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理 S 舉例 R2（期望結果） 必須確定讀者的疑問攝取資訊的能力腦力建議二作表評估問題檔案 DDT 問題期間圖表賬約瑟夫•羅馬諾寫出優秀的方案科學方法視覺演示講稿對讀者最清晰的順序順序分析提出要點在正文中在序言中赫伯特•A•西蒙西奈沙漠描述性思想結構類似性的型別概括問題界定中的情境序言中的情境如何確定序幕切入點情境——衝突——問題解釋問題界定中的解決方案標準提問
How do we do it？ Is it the right solution？ Should we do it？ What should we do？ Why does the problem exist？ Starting point/opening scene How to visualize Typical processes Typical strctures Steps Explaining "how to” In consulting proposals To solve problems Story form Why used Storyboards,for visual presentations Jackson Foods Process for Strage,Henry A. Milestones in Management Structural Order Examples of City govemment Plastic bottle Radar set Sinai Desert Transportation Department Structures,general Creating Describing Stncturing the analysis Summarizing Deductive arguments Inductive groupings 如何做？ 這是正確的方案嗎？ 我們應該做嗎？ 我們應該做什麼？ 為什麼出現這個問題？ 切人點/序幕如何想象典型過程典型結構步驟解釋方法式在諮詢建議中解決問題講故事形式使用的原因視覺演示用的故事梗概傑克遜食品公司流程享利•A•斯特拉奇管理里程碑結構順序舉例市政府塑膠瓶雷達西奈沙漠交通部一般結構建立描述建議改變用於澄清思維分析結構概括演繹論斷歸納分組 INDEX —詞彙表 287
Summarizing action ideas Difficulty ot Distinguishing levels of End - product wording Examples of Conflict tured to healthy debate Issues facing product Development Reduce Accounts Receivable Strategic Alliances Tasks,Objectives,Benefits Telecommunications problems Process for Wording of Summarizing deductive arguments Summarizing inductive groupings Action ideas Need to Situation ideas Summarizing situation ideas Examples of Automotive aftermarket Complaints about information Information system assessment John Wain New planning and control system Resource allocation process Sales proposals Two organization problems Looking for similarities Process for Value of Summary of key concepts Finding similarity in ideas Logical reasoning Pyramid relationships Pyramid rules 288 THE MINTO PYRAMID PRINCIPLE 金字塔原理概括行動性思想困難區別層次明確措辭舉例使矛盾成為健康辯論產品開發面臨的問題減少應收賬款戰略性聯盟任務、目標與效益電信問題流程措辭概括演繹論斷概括歸納分組行動性思想需要描述性思想概括描述性思想舉例汽車後繼市場關於資訊的意見資訊系統評價約翰•韋恩新的計劃與控制系統資源分配過程銷售建議兩個組織問題尋找共同點流程價值概括關鍵概念找出思想中的共同點邏輯推理金字塔關係金字塔規則
Types of logical order Summary of key processes Building a pyramid Writing the introduction Summary of key thinking techniques Defining a problem Ordering action ideas Ordering situation ideas Structuring a list of action ideas Siructuring a list of situation ideas Structuring an analysis Summarizing grouped ideas Summary of style hints Refleeting the pyramid in prose Reflecting the pyramid on a screen Reflecting the pyramid on the page Symbolizing Importance of T Tasks,Ohjectives,Benefits Ten Commandments Text slides Relationship to the pyramid Text slides,designing Length Rules for What not to do Time order Examples of Business definition Investment evaluation Steps in Phase Strategic planning Top down presentation 邏輯順序的型別概括關鍵過程構建金字塔撰寫序言概括關鍵思維方法界定悶題將行動性思想排序將描述性思想排序行動性思想列表結構描述性思想列表結構分析結構概括分組思想概括文體提示在文章中反映金字塔結構在螢幕上反映金字塔結構在頁面上反映金字塔結構象徵重要性任務、自標與效益十誡文字幻燈片與金字塔結構的關係文字幻燈片設計長度規則應避免事項時間順序舉例商業定義投資估值第一階段步驟戰略規劃自上而下演示 • INDEX —詞彙表 289
Top - down approach to pyramid building When to use Trevelyan,G.M. Ilustrated History V Vertical relationships Visual presentations Difficulties of Elements of Exhibit slides Scripts Storyboards Text slides Requirements for Visual recitations, avoid making Visualizing processes Value of W Writing style Sentences Copying the image in words Making mental images Poor examples of Transitions Making full conclusions Refel rencing backward Stating next steps Summarizing sections Telling a story Writing Winning Proposals reference to • 290 字塔原理自上而下構建金宇塔結構使用時機 C•M•特里維廉圖解歷史縱向聯絡視覺演示困難要素圖表幻燈片劇本（講稿） 故事梗概文字幻燈片要求避免視覺背誦視覺化過程價值寫作風格句子影象複製成文字臆造影象較差的舉例過渡做完鏊結論參考上文內容說明下文步驟概括講故事寫出優秀的方案