2. Nava Ashraf, James Berry, and Jesse Shapiro， "Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use？ Evidence from a Field Experiment in Zambia" NBER Working Paper W13247 （2007）. 3.Avallable at http://www.unicet.org/intobycountry/india_statistics.html. 4. John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs， "The Economic Burden of Malaria"" American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64 （2001）： 1,85-96. 5.Available at http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#eradicationus. 6. Hoyt Bleakley， "Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure，” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 （2） （2010）：1-45. 7. David Cutler, Winnie Fung, Michael Kremer, Monica Singhal, and Tom Vogl， "EarlyLife Malaria Exposure and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from Malaria Eradication in India” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 （2） （April 2010）：72-94. 8.Adrienne Lucas， "Malaria Eradication and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Paraguay and Sri Lanka” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 （2） （2010）：46-71. 239
貧窮的本質 POOR ECONOMICS 9. WHO and UNICEF, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2010, available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563956_eng_full_text.pdf. 10. David Cutler and Grant Miller， "The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The Twentieth-Century United States，” Demography 42 （1） （2005）：1-22; and J. Bryce, C. Boschi-Pinto, K. Shibuya, R. E. Black, and the WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group， "WHO Estimates of the Causes of Death in Children，” Lancet 365 （2005）：1147-1152. 11.Lorna Fewtrell and John M. Colford Jr.，"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Interventions and Diarrhoea，"HNP Discussion Paper （2004）. 12. World Health Organization， "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health: Facts and Figures，” 2004. 13. Dale Whittington, W. Michael Hanemann, Claudia Sadoff, and Marc Jeuland， “Sanitation and Water；" Copenhagen 2008 Challenge Paper, p. 21. 14.Available at http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/index.html. 15. R. E. Quick, A. Kimura, A. Thevos, M. Tembo, I. Shamputa, L. Hutwagner, and E. Mintz， "Diarthea Prevention Through Household-Level Water Disinfection and Safe Storage in Zambia，" American Joumal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66 （5） （2002）：584-589. 16.Ashraf, Berry, and Shapiro， "Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use？” 17. Jessica Cohen and Pascaline Dupas， "Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing? Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 （1） （2010）： 1-45. 18. Pascaline Dupas， "What Matters （and What Does Not） in Households' Decision to Invest in Malaria Prevention？” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 99 （2） （2009）： 224-230. 19.Obinna Onwujekwe, Kara Hanson, and Julia Fox-R ushby， "Inequalities in Purchase of Mosquito Nets and Willingness to Pay for Insecticide-Treated Nets in Nigeria: Challenges for Malaria Control Interventions，” Malaria Journal 3 （6） （March 16, 2004）. 20.Anne Case and Angus Deaton， "Health and Well-Being in Udaipur and South Africa，” chap. 9 in D. Wise, ed.， Developments in the Economics of Aging （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for NBER, 2006）. 21.Abhijit Banerjee, Angus Deaton, and Esther Duflo， "Wealth, Health, and Health Services in Rural Rajasthan.” AER Papers and Proceedings 94 （2） （2004）：326-330. 22.Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo， "Improving Health Care Delivery in India"" MIT （2009），mimeo. 23.Jishnu Das and Jeffrey Hammer， "Money for Nothing: The Dire Straits of Medical Practice in Delhi, India.，" Journal of Development Economics 83 （1） （2007）：1-36. 24.Jishnu Das and Jeffrey Hammer， "Which Doctor? Combining Vignettes and Item Response to Measure Clinical Competence." Journal of Development Economics 78 （2） （2005）： 348-383. 240
注釋 25. Abhijit Banerjee, Angus Deaton, and Esther Duflo， "Wealth, Health, and Health Services in Rural Rajasthan" AER Papers and Proceedings 94 （2） （2004）：326-330. 26. World Health Organization, WHO Report on Infectious Diseases 2000: Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance （Geneva: WHO/CDS, 2000）， 2. 27.Ambrose Talisuna, Peter Bloland, and Umberto d' Alessandro， "History, Dynamics, and Public Health Importance of Malaria Parasite Resistance” American Society for Microbiology 17 （1） （2004）：235-254. 28. Nazmul Chaudhury et al.， "Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries，" Journal of Economic Perspecives 20 （1） （2006）：91-116. 29. Kenneth L. Leonard and Melkiory C. Masatu， "Variations in the Quality of Care Accessible to Rural Communities in Tanzania，” Health Affairs 26 （3） （2007）：380-392; and Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer, and Kenneth Leonard， "The Quality of Medical Advice in LowIncome Countries，"' Joumal of Economic Perspectives 22 （2） （2008）： 93-114. 30. Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Rachel Glennerster， "Putting a Band-Aid on a Corpse: Incentives for Nurses in the Indian Public Health Care System." Joumal of the European Economic Association 6 （2-3） （2008）：487-500. 31. William Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Eforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Il and So Little Good （New York: Penguin Group, 2006）. 32. See Michael Specter's analysis of this and other incidences of "irrational thinking" in his book Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet and Threatens Our Lives （New York: Penguin Press, 2010）. 33. Jishnu Das and Saumya Das， "Trust, Learning and Vaccination: A Case Study of a North Indian Village.” Social Science and Medicine 57 （1） （2003）： 97-112. 34.Jishnu Das and Carolina Sanchez-Paramo， "Short but Not Sweet—New Evidence on Short Duration Morbidities from India" Policy Research Working Paper Series 2971, World Bank （2003）. 35.Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, and Dhruva Kothari， "Improving Immunisation Coverage in Rural India: Clustered Randomised Controlled Immunisation Campaigns With and Without Incentives，” British Medical Journal 340 （2010）： c2220. 36. Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, Lorenz von Seidlein, Mohammad Yunus, David A. Sack, Malla Rao,Jan Holmgren, and John D. Clemens，"Herd Immunity Conferred by Killed Oral Cholera Vaccines in Bangladesh: A Reanalysis；" Lancet 366 （2005）：44-49 37.The psychological research has found its way in economics thanks to researchers such as Dick Thaler from the University of Chicago, George Lowenstein from Carnegie-Mellon， Matthew Rabin from Berkeley, David Laibson from Harvard, and others, whose work we cite here. 38. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health， Wealth, and Happiness （New York: Penguin, 2008）. 241
貧窮的本質 POOR ECONOMICS 39. See a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis on the Web site of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, available at http://www.povertyactionlab.org/policy-lessons/health/ child-diarrhea. 40.Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Rachel Glennerster， "Is Decentralized Iron Fortification a Feasible Option to Fight Anemia Among the Poorest？” chap. 10 in David Wise, ed.， Explorations in the Economics of Aging （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010）. +1. Pascaline Dupas，