Economic Crises, Impact and Lessons Learned" available at http://www.fao.org/ docrep/012/i0876e/i0876e00.htm. 2. World Bank， "Egypt's Food Subsidies: Benefit Incidence and Leakages；” Report No. 57446 （September 2010）. 3. A. Ganesh-Kumar, Ashok Gulati, and Ralph Cummings J.， "Foodgrains Policy and Management in India: Responding to Today's Challenges and Opportunities，" Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, and IFPRI, Washington, DC, PP-056 （2007）. 4. It was part of a Ph.D.thesis by Dipak Mazumdar at the London School of Economics. In 1986, Partha Dasgupta and Debraj Ray, then both professors at Stanford, gave it an clegant exposition. See Partha Dasgupta and Debraj Ray， "Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory"' Economic Joumal 96 （384） （1986）：1011-1034. 5.These and other statistics based on the eighteen-country data set （and more details on the data） are available on the book's Web site, available at http://www.pooreconomics.com. 6. Shankar Subramanian and Angus Deaton，"The Demand for Food and Calories，" Joural of Political Economy 104 （1） （1996）： 133-162. 7. Robert Jensen and Nolan Miller， "Giffen Bchavior and Subsistence Consumption.” American Economic Review 98 （4） （2008）：1553-1577. 8. Alfred Marshall, one of the founders of modern economics, discusses this idea in his Prinaiples of Ecomomics （frst published by McMillan, London, 1890）， using the example that when the price of bread goes up, people "are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it." Marshall attributed this observation to one Mr. Giffen, and goods whose consumption goes down when they become cheaper are called "Giffen goods.""However, before the Jensen-Miller experiment， 237
貧窮的本質 POOR ECONOMICS mhe woteitoetw Poom most economists were quite doubtful that the Giffen goods existed in real life. See Alfed Marshall, Principles of Economics （Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, revised edition, May 1997）. 9.Angus Deaton and Jean Dreze，"Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations，：" Economics and Political Weekly 44 （7） （2009）：42-65. 10."Food for AII.” World Food Summi, November 1996, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 11. Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian，"The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from an Historical Experiment."” NBER Working Paper W15157 （2009）. 12.This is the case that Roger Thurow and Scott Kilman, two journalists at the Wall Street Joural, make in their book, aptly tidled Enough: Why the Wonlds Poorest Stanr in an Age of Plenty （New York: Public Affairs, 2009）. 13.John Strauss， "Does Better Nutrition Raise Farm Productivity？" Journal of Political Economy 94 （1986）：297-320. 14. Robert Fogel, The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America and the Third World （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004）. 15. Emily Oster， "Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe” Journal of Ecomomic Perspectives 18 （1） （Winter 2004）：215-228. 16. Elaina Rose， "Consumption Smoothing and Excess Female Mortality in Rural India，” Review of Economics and Statistics 81 （1） （1999）：41-49. 17.Edward Miguel，"Poverty and Witch Killing." Review of Ecomomic Studies 72 （4） （2005）： 1153-1172. 18. Amartya Sen， "The Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements，" Quarterly Journal of Economics 96 （3） （1981）： 433-464. 19. "Intake of Calories and Selected Nutrients for the United States Population, 19992000” Centers for Disease Control, results from the NHANES survey. 20. Measure DHS Statcompiler, available at http://statcompiler.com, also cited in Angus Deaton and Jean Dreze， "Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations.” Ecomomics and Political Weekly 44 （7） （2009）： 42-65. 21.Ibid. 22.Anne Case and Christina Paxson，"Stature and Status: Height, Ability and Labor Market Outcomes，"" Journal of Political Economy 166 （3） （2008）： 499-532. 23. See the story by Mark Borden on the reaction to the Case-Paxson article, available at http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/02/061002ta_talk_borden. 24. Sarah Baird, Joan Hamory Hicks, Michael Kremer, and Edward Miguel， "Worm at Work: Long-Run Impacts of Child Health Gains，” University of California at Berkeley （2010）， unpublished manuscript. 238
註釋 25. Cesar G. Victora, Linda Adair, Caroline Fall, Pedro C. Hallal, Reynaldo Martorell， Linda Richter, and Harshpal Singh Sachdev， "Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital"" Lancet 371 （9609） （2008）：340-357. 26. David Barker， "Maternal Nutrition, Female Nutrition, and Disease in Later Life.，" Nutrition 13 （1997）：807. 27. Erica Field, Omar Robles, and Maximo Torero， "lodine Deficiency and Schooling Attainment in Tanzania，” American Economic Journal: Applied Ecomomics 1 （4） （2009）：140-169. 28. Duncan Thomas, Elizabeth Frankenberg, Jed Friedman, et al.， "Causal Effect of Health on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Random Assignment Iron Supplementation Intervention” （2004）， mimeo. 29.Michael Kremer and Edward Miguel，"The Illusion of Sustainability"” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 （3） （2007）：1007-1065. 30. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier （New York: Penguin, Modern Classic Edition， 2001），p.88. 31.Anne Case and Alicia Menendez， "Requiescat in Pace? The Consequences of High Priced Funerals in South Africa."” NBER Working Paper W14998 （2009）. 32. “Funeral Feasts of the Swasi Menu” BBC News, 2002, available at http://news .bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2082281.stm. 33. These statistics are from our cighteen-country data set and are available at http://www.pooreconomics.com. 34. Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, p. 81. 35.Available at http://www.harvestplus.org/.