2. Pratham Annual Status of Education Report 2005: Final Edition, available at
貧窮的本質 POOR FCONOMICS http://scripts.mit.edu/~varun_ag/readinggroup/images/1/14/ASER.pdf. 3. Deborah Small, George Loewenstein, and Paul Slovic，"'Sympathy and Callousness: The Impact of Deliberative Thought on Donations to Identifiable and Statistical Victims：” Organixational Beharior and Human Decision Processes 102 （2007）：143-153. 4. Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time （New York: Penguin Press, 2005）. 5.William Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Eforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006）； and William Easterly， The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics （Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001）. 6. Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid:Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa （London: Allen Lane, 2009）. 7. Everywhere in the book, whenever we present an amount in a country's local currency， we give the equivalent amount in dollars, adjusted for the cost of living （see Endnote 1 in the Foreword）. This is denoted by USD PPP （USD at purchasing power parity）. 8.Todd Moss, Gunilla Pettersson, and Nicolas van de Walle， "An Aid-Institutions Paradox？ A Review Essay on Aid Dependency and State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa" Working Paper No. 74, Center for Global Development （January 2006）. Still, eleven countries out of forty-six received more than 10 percent of their budget in aid, and eleven got more than 20 percent. 9. Peter Singer， "Famine, Affluence, and Morality." Philosophy and Public Afairs 1 （3） （1972）： 229-243. 10.Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom （New York: Knopf, 1999）. 11. Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportenity for Women Worlduide （New York: Knopf, 2009）. 12. Peter Singer, The Life You Can Save （New York: Random House, 2009）， available at http://www.thelifeyoucansave.com. 13. See the WHO fact sheet on malaria, available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs094/en/index.html. Note that here, as in many other places in the book, we cite the official international statistics. It is good to keep in mind that the numbers are not alwvays accurate: On many issues, the data these numbers are based on are incomplete or of doubtful quality. 14. C. Lengeler， "Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets and Curtains for Preventing Malaria” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 （2004）， Art. No. CD000363. 15.William A. Hawley, Penelope A. Phillips-Howard, Feiko O. Ter Kuile, Dianne J, Terlouw, John M.Vulule, Maurice Ombok, Bernard L. Nahlen, John E. Gimnig, Simon K. Kariuki,Margarette S. Kolczak, and Allen W. Hightower， "Community-Wide Effects of Permethrin-Treated Bed Nets on Child Mortality and Malaria Morbidity in Western Kenya，" American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68 （2003）：121-127. 236
註釋 16. World Malaria report, available at http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_ report_2009/factsheet/en/index.html. 17. Pascaline Dupas，"Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence from a Field Experiment” draft （2010）； Jessica Cohen and Pascaline Dupas， "Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing' Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment.，” Quarterly Journal of Ecomomiss 125 （1） （February 2010）： 1-45; V. Hoffmann， "Demand Retention, and Intra-Houschold Allocation of Free and Purchased Mosquito Nets，” America Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings （May 2009）； Paul Krezanoski, Alison Comfort, and Davidson Hamer， "Effect of Incentives on Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Use in Sub-Saharan Africa:A Cluster Randomized Trial in Madagascar，” Malaria Journal 9 （186） （lune 27,2010）. 18.Available at http://www.millenniumvillages.org/.